FAA-S-8081-15A (with change 1)

Practical Test Standards

INTRODUCTION

SECTION 1: PRIVATE PILOT ROTORCRAFT—HELICOPTER

INTRODUCTION

General Information

The Flight Standards Service of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has developed this practical test book as the standard that shall be used by FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners when conducting private pilot rotorcraft practical tests. Flight instructors are expected to use this book when preparing applicants for practical tests. Applicants should be familiar with this book and refer to these standards during their training.

Applicants for a combined private pilot certificate with instrument rating, in accordance with 14 CFR part 61, section 61.65 (a) and (g), must pass all areas designated in the Private Pilot PTS and the Instrument Rating PTS. Examiners need not duplicate tasks. For example, only one preflight demonstration would be required; however, the Preflight Task from the Instrument Rating PTS may be more extensive than the Preflight Task from the Private Pilot PTS to ensure readiness for IFR flight.

A combined checkride should be treated as one practical test, requiring only one application and resulting in only one temporary certificate, disapproval notice, or letter of discontinuance, as applicable. Failure of any task will result in a failure of the entire test and application. Therefore, even if the deficient maneuver was instrument related and the performance of all VFR tasks was determined to be satisfactory, the applicant will receive a notice of disapproval.

Information considered directive in nature is described in this practical test book in terms, such as “shall” and “must” indicating the actions are mandatory. Guidance information is described in terms, such as “should” and “may” indicating the actions are desirable or permissive but not mandatory.

The FAA gratefully acknowledges the valuable assistance provided by many industry participants who contributed their time and talent in assisting with the revision of these practical test standards. This practical test standard (PTS) book may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC 20402-9325, or from http://bookstore.gpo.gov. This PTS is also available for download, in pdf format, from the Flight Standards Service web site at http://av-info.faa.gov.

This PTS is published by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125. Comments regarding this handbook should be sent, in e-mail form, to AFS630comments@faa.gov.

Practical Test Standards Concept Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 61 specifies the areas in which knowledge and skill must be demonstrated by the applicant before the issuance of a Private Pilot Certificate or rating. The CFRs provide the flexibility to permit the FAA to publish practical test standards containing the AREAS OF OPERATION and specific TASKs in which pilot competency shall be demonstrated. The FAA will revise this PTS whenever it is determined that changes are needed in the interest of safety. Adherence to the provisions of the regulations and the practical test standards is mandatory for the evaluation of private pilot applicants.

Practical Test Book Description This test book contains the following Private Pilot Practical Test Standards: Section 1 Rotorcraft—Helicopter Section 2 Rotorcraft—Gyroplane The Private Pilot Rotorcraft Practical Test Standards includes the AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKs for the issuance of an initial Private Pilot Certificate and for the addition of category and/or class ratings to that certificate. AREAS OF OPERATION are phases of the practical test arranged in a logical sequence within each standard. They begin with Preflight Preparation and end with Postflight Procedures. The examiner may conduct the practical test in any sequence that will result in a complete and efficient test; however, the ground portion of the practical test shall be accomplished before the flight portion. TASKs are titles of knowledge areas, flight procedures, or maneuvers appropriate to an AREA OF OPERATION. NOTE is used to emphasize special considerations required in the AREA OF OPERATION or TASK. REFERENCE identifies the publication(s) that describe(s) the TASK. Descriptions of TASKS are not included in the standards because this information can be found in the current issue of the listed reference. Publications other than those listed may be used for references if their content conveys substantially the same meaning as the referenced publications.

These practical test standards are based on the following references.

14 CFR part 43 Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration
14 CFR part 61 Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors
14 CFR part 67 Medical Standards and Certification
14 CFR part 91 General Operating and Flight Rules
NTSB Part 830 Notification and Reporting of Aircraft Accidents and Incidents
AC 00-6 Aviation Weather
AC 00-45 Aviation Weather Services
FAA-H-8083-1 Aircraft Weight and Balance Handbook
FAA-H-8083-21 Rotorcraft Flying Handbook
FAA-H-8083-25 Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
AC 60-22 Aeronautical Decision Making
AC 60-28 English Language Skill Standards Required by 14 CFR parts 61, 63, and 65
AC 61-65 Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors and Ground Instructors
AC 61-84 Role of Preflight Preparation
AC 61-134 General Aviation Controlled Flight into Terrain Awareness
AC 90-48 Pilots’ Role in Collision Avoidance
AC 90-87 Helicopter Dynamic Rollover
AC 90-95 Unanticipated Right Yaw in Helicopters
AC 91-13 Cold Weather Operation of Aircraft
AC 91-32 Safety In and Around Helicopters
AC 91-42 Hazards of Rotating Propeller and Helicopter Rotor Blades
AC 91-55 Reduction of Electrical System Failures following Aircraft Engine Starting
AIM Aeronautical Information Manual
AFD Airport Facility Directory
FDC NOTAMs National Flight Data Center Notices to Airmen
OTHER

The Objective lists the important elements that must be satisfactorily performed to demonstrate competency in a TASK. The Objective includes:

  1. specifically what the applicant should be able to do;
  2. the conditions under which the TASK is to be performed; and
  3. the acceptable standards of performance.

Abbreviations 14 CFR Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations ADM Aeronautical Decision Making AIRMETS Airman’s Meteorological Information ATC Air Traffic Control ATIS Automatic Terminal Information Service ATS Air Traffic Service CFIT Controlled Flight Into Terrain CRM Cockpit Resource Management FAA Federal Aviation Administration FSDO Flight Standards District Office GPO Government Printing Office NAVAID Navigation Aid NDB Non-directional Beacon (Automatic Direction Finder) NOTAM Notice to Airmen NWS National Weather Service PTS Practical Test Standard SIGMETS Significant Meteorological Advisory Use of the Practical Test Standards The Private Pilot Rotorcraft Practical Test Standards are designed to evaluate competency in both knowledge and skill. The FAA requires that all practical tests be conducted in accordance with the appropriate practical test standards and the policies set forth in this INTRODUCTION. Private pilot applicants shall be evaluated in ALL TASKS included in each AREA OF OPERATION of the appropriate practical test standard, unless otherwise noted. An applicant, who holds at least a Private Pilot Certificate seeking an additional rotorcraft category rating and/or class rating at the private pilot level shall be evaluated in the AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKS listed in the Additional Rating Task Table. At the discretion of the examiner, an evaluation of the applicant's competence in the remaining AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKs may be conducted. If the applicant holds two or more category or class ratings at least at the private level, and the rating table indicates differing required TASKS, the “least restrictive” entry applies. For example, if “ALL” and “NONE” are indicated for one AREA OF OPERATION, the “NONE” entry applies. If “B” and “B, C” are indicated, the “B” entry applies. In preparation for each practical test, the examiner shall develop a written “plan of action” for each practical test. The “plan of action” is a tool, for the sole use of the examiner, to be used in evaluating the applicant. The plan of action need not be grammatically correct or in any formal format. The plan of action must contain all of the required AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKs and any optional TASKs selected by the examiner.

The “plan of action” shall incorporate one or more scenarios that will be used during the practical test. The examiner should try to include as many of the TASKs into the scenario portion of the test as possible, but maintain the flexibility to change due to unexpected situations as they arise and still result in an efficient and valid test. Any TASK selected for evaluation during a practical test shall be evaluated in its entirety. The examiner is not required to follow the precise order in which the AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKs appear in this book. The examiner may change the sequence or combine TASKS with similar Objectives to have an orderly and efficient flow of the practical test. For example Radio Communications and ATC Light Signals may be combined with Traffic Patterns. The examiner's “plan of action” shall include the order and combination of TASKs to be demonstrated by the applicant in a manner that will result in an efficient and valid test. The examiner is expected to use good judgment in the performance of simulated emergency procedures. The use of the safest means for simulation is expected. Consideration must be given to local conditions, both meteorological and topographical, at the time of the test, as well as the applicant's, workload, and the condition of the aircraft used. If the procedure being evaluated would jeopardize safety, it is expected that the applicant shall simulate that portion of the maneuver Special Emphasis Areas Examiners shall place special emphasis upon areas of aircraft operation considered critical to flight safety. Among these are:

  1. positive aircraft control;
  2. procedures for positive exchange of flight controls (who is flying the aircraft);
  3. collision avoidance;
  4. wake turbulence avoidance;
  5. runway incursion avoidance;
  6. CFIT;
  7. wire strike avoidance;
  8. ADM and risk management;
  9. checklist usage; and
  10. other areas deemed appropriate to any phase of the practical test.

Although these areas may not be specifically addressed under each TASK, they are essential to flight safety and will be evaluated during the practical test. In all instances, the applicant’s actions will relate to the complete situation.

Private Pilot—Rotorcraft Practical Test Prerequisites An applicant for the Private Pilot Rotorcraft Practical Test is required by 14 CFR part 61 to:

  1. be at least 17 years of age;
  2. be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language. If there is a doubt, use AC 60-28, English Language Skill Standards;
  3. have passed the appropriate private pilot knowledge test since the beginning of the 24th month before the month in which practical test is completed have satisfactorily accomplished the required training and obtained the aeronautical experience prescribed;
  4. possess at least a current Third-Class Medical Certificate;
  5. have an endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying that the applicant has received and logged training time within 60 days preceding the date of application; and
  6. also have an endorsement certifying that the applicant has demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject areas in which the applicant was deficient on the airman knowledge test.

Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test The private pilot rotorcraft applicant is required by 14 CFR part 61, section 61.45 to provide an airworthy, certificated aircraft for use during the practical test. This section further requires that the aircraft must:

  1. be of U.S., foreign or military registry of the same category, class, and type, if applicable, for the certificate and/or rating for which the applicant is applying;
  2. have fully functioning dual controls, except as provided in 14 CFR part 61, section 61.45(c) and (e); and
  3. be capable of performing ALL AREAS OF OPERATION appropriate to the rating sought and have no operating limitations, which prohibit its use in any of the AREAS OF OPERATION, required for the practical test.

Flight Instructor Responsibility An appropriately rated flight instructor is responsible for training the private pilot applicant to acceptable standards in ALL subject matter areas, procedures, and maneuvers included in the TASKS within the appropriate Private Pilot Practical Test Standard. Because of the impact of their teaching activities in developing safe, proficient pilots, flight instructors should exhibit a high level of knowledge, skill, and the ability to impart that knowledge and skill to students. Additionally, the flight instructor must certify that the applicant is able to perform safely as a private pilot and is competent to pass the required practical test. Throughout the applicant's training, the flight instructor is responsible for emphasizing the performance of effective visual scanning, collision avoidance, and runway incursion avoidance procedures. These areas are covered, in part, in AC 90-48, Pilot’s Role in Collision Avoidance; FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge; and the Aeronautical Information Manual. Examiner1 Responsibility The examiner conducting the practical test is responsible for determining that the applicant meets the acceptable standards of knowledge and skill of each TASK within the appropriate practical test standard. Since there is no formal division between the “oral” and “skill" portions of the practical test, this becomes an ongoing process throughout the test. Oral questioning, to determine the applicant’s knowledge of TASKs and related safety factors, should be used judiciously at all times, especially during the flight portion of the practical test. Examiners shall test to the greatest extent practicable the applicant's correlative abilities rather than mere rote enumeration of facts throughout the practical test. If the examiner determines that a TASK is incomplete, or the outcome uncertain, the examiner may require the applicant to repeat that TASK, or portions of that TASK. This provision has been made in the interest of fairness and does not mean that instruction, practice, or the repeating of an unsatisfactory TASK is permitted during the certification process Throughout the flight portion of the practical test, the examiner shall evaluate the applicant's use of visual scanning and collision avoidance procedures. 1 The word “examiner” denotes either the FAA inspector or FAA designated pilot examiner who conducts the practical test.

Satisfactory Performance

Satisfactory performance to meet the requirements for certification is based on the applicant’s ability to safely:

  1. perform the TASKs specified in the AREAS OF OPERATION for the certificate or rating sought within the approved standards;
  2. demonstrate mastery of the aircraft with the successful outcome of each TASK performed never seriously in doubt;
  3. demonstrate satisfactory proficiency and competency within the approved standards;
  4. demonstrate sound judgment and ADM; and
  5. demonstrate single-pilot competence if the aircraft is type certificated for single-pilot operations.

Unsatisfactory Performance

The tolerances represent the performance expected in good flying conditions. If, in the judgment of the examiner, the applicant does not meet the standards of performance of any TASK performed, the associated AREA OF OPERATION is failed and therefore, the practical test is failed.

The examiner or applicant may discontinue the test at any time when the failure of an AREA OF OPERATION makes the applicant ineligible for the certificate or rating sought. The test may be continued ONLY with the consent of the applicant. If the test is discontinued, the applicant is entitled credit for only those AREAS OF OPERATION and their associated TASKs satisfactorily performed. However, during the retest and at the discretion of the examiner, any TASK may be reevaluated including those previously passed.

Typical areas of unsatisfactory performance and grounds for disqualification are:

  1. Any action or lack of action by the applicant that requires corrective intervention by the examiner to maintain safe flight.
  2. Failure to use proper and effective visual scanning techniques to clear the area before and while performing maneuvers.
  3. Consistently exceeding tolerances stated in the Objectives.
  4. Failure to take prompt corrective action when tolerances are exceeded.

When a disapproval notice is issued, the examiner shall record the applicant's unsatisfactory performance in terms of AREA OF OPERATIONS and specific TASK(s) not meeting the standard appropriate to the practical test conducted. The AREA(s) OF OPERATION/TASK(s) not tested and the number of practical test failures shall also be recorded. If the applicant fails the practical test because of a special emphasis area, the Notice of Disapproval shall indicate the associated TASK. i.e.: AREA OF OPERATION VIII, Settling-With-Power, failure to use proper collision avoidance procedures. Letter of Discontinuance When a practical test is discontinued for reasons other than unsatisfactory performance (i.e., equipment failure, weather, or illness) FAA Form 8700-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, and, if applicable, the Airman Knowledge Test Report, shall be returned to the applicant. The examiner at that time shall prepare, sign, and issue a Letter of Discontinuance to the applicant. The Letter of Discontinuance should identify the AREAS OF OPERATION and their associated TASKs of the practical test that were successfully completed. The applicant shall be advised that the Letter of Discontinuance shall be presented to the examiner when the practical test is resumed, and made part of the certification file. Aeronautical Decision Making and Risk Management The examiner shall evaluate the applicant’s ability throughout the practical test to use good aeronautical decision-making procedures in order to evaluate risks. The examiner shall accomplish this requirement by developing scenarios that incorporate as many TASKs as possible to evaluate the applicants risk management in making safe aeronautical decisions. For example, the examiner may develop a scenario that incorporates weather decisions and performance planning. The applicant’s ability to utilize all the assets available in making a risk analysis to determine the safest course of action is essential for satisfactory performance. The scenarios should be realistic and within the capabilities of the aircraft used for the practical test.

Single-Pilot Resource Management Single-Pilot Resource Management refers to the effective use of ALL available resources: human resources, hardware, and information. It is similar to Crew Resource Management (CRM) procedures that are being emphasized in multi-crewmember operations except that only one crewmember (the pilot) is involved. Human resources “...includes all other groups routinely working with the pilot who are involved in decisions that are required to operate a flight safely. These groups include, but are not limited to: dispatchers, weather briefers, maintenance personnel, and air traffic controllers.” Pilot Resource Management is not a single TASK; it is a set of skill competencies that must be evident in all TASKs in this practical test standard as applied to single-pilot operation. Applicant’s Use of Checklists Throughout the practical test, the applicant is evaluated on the use of an appropriate checklist. Proper use is dependent on the specific TASK being evaluated. The situation may be such that the use of the checklist, while accomplishing the elements of an Objective, would be either unsafe or impractical, especially in a single-pilot operation. In this case, a review of the checklist after the elements have been accomplished, would be appropriate. Division of attention and proper visual scanning should be considered when using a checklist. Use of Distractions During Practical Tests Numerous studies indicate that many accidents have occurred when the pilot has been distracted during critical phases of flight. To evaluate the applicant’s ability to utilize proper control technique while dividing attention both inside and/or outside the cockpit, the examiner shall cause a realistic distraction during the flight portion of the practical test to evaluate the applicant's ability to divide attention while maintaining safe flight.

Positive Exchange of Flight Controls During flight, there must always be a clear understanding between pilots of who has control of the aircraft. Prior to flight, a briefing should be conducted that includes the procedure for the exchange of flight controls. A positive three-step process in the exchange of flight controls between pilots is a proven procedure and one that is strongly recommended. When one pilot wishes to give the other pilot control of the aircraft, he or she will say, “You have the flight controls.” The other pilot acknowledges immediately by saying, “I have the flight controls.” The first pilot again says “You have the flight controls.” When control is returned to the first pilot, follow the same procedure. A visual check is recommended to verify that the exchange has occurred. There should never be any doubt as to who is flying the aircraft.

SECTION 1

PRIVATE PILOT

ROTORCRAFT – HELICOPTER

Practical Test Standards

I. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PREPARATION

NOTE: The examiner shall develop a scenario based on real time weather to evaluate TASKs C, D, E, and F.

A. TASK: CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 43, 61, 67, 91; FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to certificates and documents by:

  1. Explaining—
    1. private pilot certificate privileges, limitations, and recent flight experience requirements.
    2. medical certificate class and duration.
    3. pilot logbook or flight records.
  2. Locating and explaining—
    1. airworthiness and registration certificates.
    2. operating limitations, placards, instrument markings, and POH/RFM.
    3. weight and balance data and equipment list.

B. TASK: AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-21.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to airworthiness requirements by:

  1. Explaining—
    1. required instruments and equipment for day/night VFR.
    2. procedures and limitations for determining airworthiness of the helicopter with inoperative instruments and equipment with and without an MEL.
    3. requirements and procedures for obtaining a special flight permit.
  2. Locating and explaining—
    1. airworthiness directives.
    2. compliance records.
    3. maintenance/inspection requirements.
    4. appropriate record keeping.

C. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATION

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; AC 00-6, AC 00-45, AC 61-84; FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to weather information by analyzing weather reports, charts, and forecasts from various sources with emphasis on—
    1. METAR, TAF, and FA.
    2. surface analysis chart.
    3. radar summary chart.
    4. winds and temperature aloft chart.
    5. significant weather prognostic charts.
    6. AWOS, ASOS, and ATIS reports.
  2. Makes a competent “go/no-go” decision based on available weather information.

D. TASK: CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-25; AC 61-84;

Navigation Charts; Airport/Facility Directory; FDC NOTAMs; AIM. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to cross-country flight planning by presenting and explaining a pre-planned VFR crosscountry flight, as previously assigned by the examiner. On the day of the practical test, the final flight plan shall be to the first fuel stop, based on maximum allowable passengers, baggage, and/or cargo loads using real-time weather.
  2. Uses appropriate and current aeronautical charts.
  3. Properly identifies airspace, obstructions, and terrain features, including discussion of wire strike avoidance techniques.
  4. Selects easily identifiable en route checkpoints.
  5. Selects the most favorable altitudes, considering weather conditions and equipment capabilities.
  6. Computes headings, flight time, and fuel requirements.
  7. Selects appropriate navigation systems/facilities and communication frequencies.
  8. Applies pertinent information from FDC NOTAMs, AFD, and other flight publications.
  9. Completes a navigation log and simulates filing a VFR flight plan.

E. TASK: NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 71, 91; Navigation Charts; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the National Airspace System by explaining:

  1. Basic VFR Weather Minimums—for all classes of airspace.
  2. Airspace classes—their operating rules, pilot certification, and helicopter equipment requirements for the following—
    1. Class A.
    2. Class B.
    3. Class C.
    4. Class D.
    5. Class E.
    6. Class G.
  3. Special use airspace and other airspace areas.

F. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-1, FAA-H-8083-21; AC 61-84, AC 90-95; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to performance and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and data to determine performance and the adverse effects of exceeding limitations.
  2. Computes weight and balance. Determines the computed weight and center of gravity is within the helicopter’s operating limitations and if the weight and center of gravity will remain within limits during all phases of flight.
  3. Demonstrates the use of appropriate performance charts, tables, and data.
  4. Describes the effects of atmospheric conditions on the helicopter’s performance.
  5. Understands the cause and effects of retreating blade stall.
  6. Considers circumstances when operating within “avoid areas” of the height/velocity diagram.
  7. Is aware of situations that lead to loss of tail rotor/antitorque effectiveness (unanticipated yaw).

G. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the operation of systems on the helicopter provided for the flight test by explaining at least three (3) of the following systems:

  1. Primary flight controls, trim, and, if installed, stability control.
  2. Powerplant.
  3. Main rotor and antitorque.
  4. Landing gear, brakes, steering, skids, or floats, as applicable.
  5. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic.
  6. Electrical.
  7. Pitot-static, vacuum/pressure, and associated flight instruments, if applicable.
  8. Environmental.
  9. Anti-icing, including carburetor heat, if applicable.
  10. Avionics equipment.

H. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to aeromedical factors by explaining:

  1. The symptoms, causes, effects, and corrective actions of at least three (3) of the following—
    1. hypoxia.
    2. hyperventilation.
    3. middle ear and sinus problems.
    4. spatial disorientation.
    5. motion sickness.
    6. carbon monoxide poisoning.
    7. stress and fatigue.
    8. dehydration.
  2. The effects of alcohol, drugs, and over-the-counter drugs.
  3. The effects of excesses nitrogen during scuba dives upon a pilot or passenger in flight.

II. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES

A. TASK: PREFLIGHT INSPECTION

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to preflight inspection. This shall include which items must be inspected, the reasons for checking each item, and how to detect possible defects.
  2. Inspects the helicopter with reference to an appropriate checklist.
  3. Verifies the helicopter is in condition for safe flight.

B. TASK: COCKPIT MANAGEMENT

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related cockpit management procedures.
  2. Ensures all loose items in the cockpit and cabin are secured.
  3. Organizes material and equipment in an efficient manner so they are readily available.
  4. Briefs the occupants on the use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, doors, rotor blade avoidance, and emergency procedures.

C. TASK: ENGINE STARTING AND ROTOR ENGAGEMENT

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; AC 91-13, AC 91-42, AC 91-55; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to correct engine starting procedures. This shall include the use of an external power source, starting under various atmospheric conditions.
  2. Positions the helicopter properly considering structures, surface conditions, other aircraft, and the safety of nearby persons and property.
  3. Utilizes the appropriate checklist for starting procedure.

D. TASK: BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the before takeoff check. This shall include the reasons for checking each item and how to detect malfunctions.
  2. Positions the helicopter properly considering other aircraft, wind, and surface conditions.
  3. Divides attention inside and outside the cockpit.
  4. Ensures that the engine temperature and pressure are suitable for run-up and takeoff.
  5. Accomplishes the before takeoff check and ensures that the helicopter is in safe operating condition.
  6. Reviews takeoff performance airspeeds, takeoff distances departure, and emergency procedures.
  7. Avoids runway incursions and/or ensures no conflict with traffic prior to takeoff.

III. AREA OF OPERATION: AIRPORT AND HELIPORT OPERATIONS

A. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT SIGNALS

REFERENCE: 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio communications and ATC light signals.
  2. Selects appropriate frequencies.
  3. Transmits using recommended phraseology.
  4. Acknowledges radio communications and compiles with instructions.

B. TASK: TRAFFIC PATTERNS

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-21; AIM; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to traffic patterns. This shall include procedures at airports and heliports with and without operating control towers, prevention of runway incursions, collision avoidance, wake turbulence avoidance, and wind shear.
  2. Complies with proper traffic pattern procedures.
  3. Maintains proper spacing from other traffic or avoids the flow of fixed wing aircraft.
  4. Corrects for wind drift to maintain proper ground track.
  5. Maintains orientation with runway/landing area in use.
  6. Maintains traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet and the appropriate airspeed, ±10 knots.

C. TASK: AIRPORT/HELIPORT RUNWAY, HELIPAD, AND TAXIWAY SIGNS, MARKINGS, AND LIGHTING.

REFERENCE: 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to airport/heliport runway, and taxiway operations with emphasis on runway incursion avoidance.
  2. Properly identifies and interprets airport/heliport, runway, and taxiway signs, markings, and lighting.

IV. AREA OF OPERATION: HOVERING MANEUVERS

A. TASK: VERTICAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; AC 90-95; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a vertical takeoff to a hover and landing from a hover.
  2. Ascends to and maintains recommended hovering altitude, and descends from recommended hovering altitude in headwind, crosswind, and tailwind conditions.
  3. Maintains RPM within normal limits.
  4. Establishes recommended hovering altitude, ±1/2 of that altitude within 10 feet of the surface; if above 10 feet, ±5 feet.
  5. Avoids conditions that might lead to loss of tail rotor/antitorque effectiveness.
  6. Maintains position within 4 feet of a designated point, with no aft movement.
  7. Descends vertically to within 4 feet of the designated touchdown point.
  8. Maintains specified heading, ±10°.

B. TASK: SLOPE OPERATIONS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to slope operations.
  2. Selects a suitable slope, approach, and direction considering wind effect, obstacles, dynamic rollover avoidance, and discharging passengers.
  3. Properly moves toward the slope.
  4. Maintains RPM within normal limits.
  5. Makes a smooth positive descent to touch the upslope skid on the sloping surface.
  6. Maintains positive control while lowering the downslope skid or landing gear to touchdown.
  7. Recognizes if slope is too steep and abandons the operation prior to reaching cyclic control stops.
  8. Makes a smooth transition from the slope to a stabilized hover parallel to the slope.
  9. Properly moves away from the slope.
  10. Maintains the specified heading throughout the operation, ±10°.

C. TASK: SURFACE TAXI

NOTE: This TASK applies to only helicopters equipped with wheel-type landing gear.

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; AIM; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to surface taxiing.
  2. Surface taxies the helicopter from one point to another under headwind, crosswind, and tailwind conditions, with the landing gear in contact with the surface, avoiding conditions that might lead to loss of tail rotor/antitorque effectiveness.
  3. Properly uses cyclic, collective, and brakes to control speed while taxiing.
  4. Properly positions nosewheel/tailwheel, if applicable, locked or unlocked.
  5. Maintains RPM within normal limits.
  6. Maintains appropriate speed for existing conditions.
  7. Stops helicopter within 4 feet of a specified point.
  8. Maintains specified track within ±4 feet.

D. TASK: HOVER TAXI

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; AIM; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to hover taxiing.
  2. Hover taxies over specified ground references, demonstrating forward, sideward, and rearward hovering and hovering turns.
  3. Maintains RPM within normal limits.
  4. Maintains specified ground track within ±4 feet of a designated reference on straight legs.
  5. Maintains constant rate of turn at pivot points.
  6. Maintains position within 4 feet of each pivot point during turns.
  7. Makes a 360° pivoting turn, left and right, stopping within 10° of a specified heading.
  8. Maintains recommended hovering altitude, ±1/2 of that altitude within 10 feet of the surface, if above 10 feet, ±5 feet.

E. TASK: AIR TAXI

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; AC 90-95; AIM; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to air taxiing.
  2. Air taxies the helicopter from one point to another under headwind and crosswind conditions.
  3. Maintains RPM within normal limits.
  4. Selects a safe airspeed and altitude.
  5. Maintains desired track and groundspeed in headwind and crosswind conditions, avoiding conditions that might lead to loss of tail rotor/antitorque effectiveness.
  6. Maintains a specified altitude, ±10 feet.

V. AREA OF OPERATION: TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS

NOTE: The examiner shall select task A, B, C, D, E, and at least one other TASK.

A. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.

NOTE: If a calm wind weather condition exists, the applicant’s knowledge of the crosswind elements shall be evaluated through oral testing; otherwise a crosswind takeoff and climb shall be demonstrated. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to normal and crosswind takeoff and climb, including factors affecting performance, to include height/velocity information.
  2. Establishes a stationary position on the surface or a stabilized hover, prior to takeoff in headwind and crosswind conditions.
  3. Maintains RPM within normal limits.
  4. Accelerates to manufacturer’s recommended climb airspeed, ±10 knots.
  5. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if necessary.
  6. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake turbulence.

B. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.

NOTE: If a calm wind weather condition exists, the applicant’s knowledge of the crosswind elements shall be evaluated through oral testing; otherwise a crosswind approach and landing shall be demonstrated. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to normal and crosswind approach.
  2. Considers performance data, to include height/velocity information.
  3. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstacles.
  4. Selects a suitable touchdown point.
  5. Establishes and maintains the normal approach angle, and proper rate of closure.
  6. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake turbulence.
  7. Avoids situations that may result in settling-with-power.
  8. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if necessary.
  9. Arrives over the touchdown point, on the surface or at a stabilized hover, ±4 feet.
  10. Completes the prescribed checklist, if applicable.

C. TASK: MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE TAKEOFF AND CLIMB

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a maximum performance takeoff and climb.
  2. Considers situations where this maneuver is recommended and factors related to takeoff and climb performance, to include height/velocity information.
  3. Maintains RPM within normal limits.
  4. Utilizes proper control technique to initiate takeoff and forward climb airspeed attitude.
  5. Utilizes the maximum available takeoff power.
  6. After clearing all obstacles, transitions to normal climb attitude, airspeed, ±10 knots, and power setting.
  7. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake turbulence.
  8. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if necessary.

D. TASK: STEEP APPROACH

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a steep approach.
  2. Considers situations where this maneuver is recommended and factors related to a steep approach, to include height/velocity information.
  3. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstacles.
  4. Selects a suitable termination point.
  5. Establishes and maintains a steep approach angle, (15° maximum) and proper rate of closure.
  6. Avoids situations that can result in settling-with-power.
  7. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake turbulence.
  8. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if necessary.
  9. Arrives at the termination point, on the surface or at a stabilized hover, ±4 feet.

E. TASK: ROLLING TAKEOFF

NOTE: This TASK applies only to helicopters equipped with wheel-type landing gear.

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a rolling takeoff.
  2. Considers situations where this maneuver is recommended and factors related to takeoff and climb performance, to include height/velocity information.
  3. Maintains RPM within normal limits.
  4. Utilizes proper preparatory technique prior to initiating takeoff.
  5. Initiates forward accelerating movement on the surface.
  6. Transitions to a normal climb airspeed, ±10 knots, and power setting.
  7. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake turbulence.
  8. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if necessary.
  9. Completes the prescribed checklist, if applicable.

F. TASK: CONFINED AREA OPERATION

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to confined area operations.
  2. Accomplishes a proper high and low reconnaissance.
  3. Selects a suitable approach path, termination point, and departure path.
  4. Tracks the selected approach path at an acceptable approach angle and rate of closure to the termination point.
  5. Maintains RPM within normal limits.
  6. Avoids situations that can result in settling-with-power.
  7. Terminates at a hover or on the surface, as conditions allow.
  8. Accomplishes a proper ground reconnaissance.
  9. Selects a suitable takeoff point, considers factors affecting takeoff and climb performance under various conditions.

G. TASK: PINNACLE/PLATFORM OPERATIONS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to pinnacle/platform operations.
  2. Accomplishes a proper high and low reconnaissance.
  3. Selects a suitable approach path, termination point, and departure path.
  4. Tracks the selected approach path at an acceptable approach angle and rate of closure to the termination point.
  5. Maintains RPM within normal limits.
  6. Terminates at a hover or on the surface, as conditions allow.
  7. Accomplishes a proper ground reconnaissance.
  8. Selects a suitable takeoff point, considers factors affecting takeoff and climb performance under various conditions.

H. TASK: SHALLOW APPROACH AND RUNNING/ROLL-ON LANDING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to shallow approach and running/roll-on landing, including the purpose of the maneuver, factors affecting performance data, to include height/velocity information, and effect of landing surface texture.
  2. Maintains RPM within normal limits.
  3. Considers obstacles and other hazards.
  4. Establishes and maintains the recommended approach angle, and proper rate of closure.
  5. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake turbulence.
  6. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if necessary.
  7. Maintains a speed that will take advantage of effective translational lift during surface contact with landing gear parallel with the ground track.
  8. Utilizes proper flight control technique after surface contact.
  9. Completes the prescribed checklist, if applicable.

I. TASK: GO-AROUND

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a go-around and when it is necessary.
  2. Makes a timely decision to discontinue the approach to landing.
  3. Maintains RPM within normal limits.
  4. Establishes proper control input to stop descent and initiate climb.
  5. Retracts the landing gear, if applicable, after a positive rate-ofclimb indication.
  6. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if necessary.
  7. Transitions to a normal climb airspeed, 10 knots.
  8. Completes the prescribed checklist, if applicable.

VI. AREA OF OPERATION: PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS

NOTE: The examiner shall select TASK A and at least one other TASK.

A. TASK: RAPID DECELERATION

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to rapid deceleration.
  2. Maintains RPM within normal limits.
  3. Properly coordinates all controls throughout the execution of the maneuver.
  4. Maintains an altitude that will permit safe clearance between the tail boom and the surface.
  5. Decelerates and terminates in a stationary hover at the recommended hovering altitude.
  6. Maintains heading throughout the maneuver, ±10°.

B. TASK: STRAIGHT IN AUTOROTATION

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a straight in autorotation terminating with a power recovery to a hover.
  2. Selects a suitable touchdown area.
  3. Initiates the maneuver at the proper point.
  4. Establishes proper aircraft trim and autorotation airspeed, ±5 knots.
  5. Maintains rotor RPM within normal limits.
  6. Compensates for windspeed and direction as necessary to avoid undershooting or overshooting the selected landing area.
  7. Utilizes proper deceleration, collective pitch application to a hover.
  8. Comes to a hover within 200 feet of a designated point.

C. TASK: 180° AUTOROTATION

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a 180° autorotation terminating with a power recovery to a hover.
  2. Selects a suitable touchdown area.
  3. Initiates the maneuver at the proper point.
  4. Establishes proper aircraft trim and autorotation airspeed, ±5 knots.
  5. Maintains rotor RPM within normal limits.
  6. Compensates for windspeed and direction as necessary to avoid undershooting or overshooting the selected landing area.
  7. Utilizes proper deceleration, collective pitch application to a hover.
  8. Comes to a hover within 200 feet of a designated point.

VII. AREA OF OPERATION: NAVIGATION

A. TASK: PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; AC 61-84.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to pilotage and dead reckoning.
  2. Follows the preplanned course by reference to landmarks.
  3. Identifies landmarks by relating the surface features to chart symbols.
  4. Navigates by means of precomputed headings, groundspeeds, and elapsed time.
  5. Corrects for, and records, the differences between preflight fuel, groundspeed, and heading calculations and those determined en route.
  6. Verifies the helicopter’s position within three (3) nautical miles of the flight planned route.
  7. Arrives at the en route checkpoints within five (5) minutes of the initial or revised ETA and provides a destination estimate.
  8. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet and established heading, ±15°.

B. TASK: NAVIGATION SYSTEMS AND RADAR SERVICES

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; AC 61-84; Navigation Equipment Operation Manuals; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio navigation and ATC radar services.
  2. Demonstrates the ability to use an airborne electronic navigation system.
  3. Locates the helicopter’s position using the navigation system.
  4. Intercepts and tracks a given course, radial or bearing, as appropriate.
  5. Recognizes and describes the indication of station or waypoint passage if appropriate.
  6. Recognizes signal loss and takes appropriate action.
  7. Uses proper communication procedures when utilizing radar services.
  8. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet and headings ±15°.

C. TASK: DIVERSION

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to diversion.
  2. Selects an appropriate alternate airport or heliport and route.
  3. Promptly, diverts toward the alternate airport or heliport.
  4. Makes an accurate estimate of heading, groundspeed, arrival time, and fuel consumption to the alternate airport or heliport.
  5. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet and established heading, ±15°.

D. TASK: LOST PROCEDURES

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to lost procedures.
  2. Selects an appropriate course of action.
  3. Maintains an appropriate heading and climbs, if necessary.
  4. Identifies prominent landmark(s).
  5. Uses navigation systems/facilities and/or contacts an ATC facility for assistance as appropriate.
  6. Plans a precautionary landing if deteriorating weather and/or fuel exhaustion is impending.

VIII. AREA OF OPERATION: EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

NOTE: TASKs F through I are knowledge only TASKs.

A. TASK: POWER FAILURE AT A HOVER

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to power failure at a hover.
  2. Determines that the terrain below the aircraft is suitable for a safe touchdown.
  3. Performs autorotation from a stationary or forward hover into the wind at recommended altitude, and RPM, while maintaining established heading, ±10°.
  4. Touches down with minimum sideward movement, and no rearward movement.
  5. Exhibits orientation, division of attention, and proper planning.

B. TASK: POWER FAILURE AT ALTITUDE

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.

NOTE: Simulated power failure at altitude shall be given over areas where actual touchdowns can safely be completed in the event of an actual powerplant failure. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to power failure at altitude.
  2. Establishes an autorotation and selects a suitable landing area.
  3. Establishes proper aircraft trim and autorotation airspeed, ±5 knots.
  4. Maintains rotor RPM within normal limits.
  5. Compensates for windspeed and direction as necessary to avoid undershooting or overshooting the selected landing area.
  6. Terminates approach with a power recovery at a safe altitude when directed by the examiner.

C. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to causes, indications, and pilot actions for various systems and equipment malfunctions.
  2. Analyzes the situation and takes action, appropriate to the helicopter used for the practical test, in at least three of the following areas—
    1. engine/oil and fuel.
    2. hydraulic, if applicable.
    3. electrical.
    4. carburetor or induction icing.
    5. smoke and/or fire.
    6. flight control/trim.
    7. pitot static/vacuum and associated flight instruments, if applicable.
    8. rotor and/or antitorque.
    9. various frequency vibrations and the possible components that may be affected.
    10. any other emergency unique to the helicopter flown.

D. TASK: SETTLING-WITH-POWER

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to settling-with-power.
  2. Selects an altitude that will allow recovery to be completed no less than 1,000 feet AGL or, if applicable, the manufacturer’s recommended altitude, whichever is higher.
  3. Promptly recognizes and recovers at the onset of settling-withpower.
  4. Utilizes the appropriate recovery procedure.

E. TASK: LOW ROTOR RPM RECOVERY

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; Appropriate Manufacturer’s Safety Notices; POH/RFM.

NOTE: The examiner may test the applicant orally on this TASK if helicopter used for the practical test has a governor that cannot be disabled. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to low rotor RPM recovery, including the combination of conditions that are likely to lead to this situation.
  2. Detects the development of low rotor RPM and initiates prompt corrective action.
  3. Utilizes the appropriate recovery procedure.

F. TASK: ANTITORQUE SYSTEM FAILURE

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to anit-torque system failure by describing:
    1. The aerodynamic indications of the types of possible system failure(s) associate with the helicopter.
    2. Manufacturers recommended procedures for dealing with the different types of system(s) failure

G. TASK: DYNAMIC ROLLOVER

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the aerodynamics of dynamic rollover.
  2. Understands the interaction between the antitorque thrust, crosswind, slope, CG, cyclic, and collective pitch control in contributing to dynamic rollover.
  3. Explains preventive flight technique during takeoffs, landings, and slope operations.

H. TASK: GROUND RESONANCE

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the- elements related to a fully articulated rotor system and the aerodynamics of ground resonance.
  2. Understands the conditions that contribute to ground resonance.
  3. Explains preventive flight technique during takeoffs and landings.

I. TASK: LOW G CONDITIONS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21, POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to low G conditions.
  2. Understands and recognizes the situations that contribute to low G conditions.
  3. Explains proper recovery procedures.

J. TASK: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to emergency equipment and survival gear appropriate to the helicopter environment encountered during flight.
  2. Identifies appropriate equipment that should be aboard the helicopter.

IX. AREA OF OPERATION: NIGHT OPERATION

A. TASK: NIGHT PREPARATION

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; AIM; POH/AFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to night operations by explaining:

  1. Physiological aspects of night flying as it relates to vision.
  2. Lighting systems identifying airports/helioports, runways, taxiways and obstructions, and pilot controlled lighting.
  3. Helicopter lighting systems.
  4. Personal equipment essential for night flight.
  5. Night orientation, navigation, and chart reading techniques.
  6. Safety precautions and emergencies unique to night flying.

X. AREA OF OPERATION: POST-FLIGHT PROCEDURES

A. TASK: AFTER LANDING AND SECURING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

  1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to after-landing, parking and securing procedures
  2. Minimizes the hazardous effects of rotor downwash during hovering.
  3. Parks in an appropriate area, considering the safety of nearby persons and property.
  4. Follows the appropriate procedure for engine shutdown.
  5. Completes the appropriate checklist.
  6. Conducts an appropriate postflight inspection and secures the aircraft.
"Good judgement seeks balance and progress. Lack of it eventually finds imbalance and frustration."
President Eisenhower